Fab-epitope complex from the HIV-1 cross-neutralizing monoclonal antibody 2F5

ABSTRACT

The crystal structure of the Fab′ fragment of Mab 2F5, a potent neutralizer of both laboratory strains and primary clinical isolates of most clades of HIV-1, both uncompleted and complexed with the largely conserved peptide sequence ELDKWAS of the viral envelope protein gp41, has been elucidated and the characteristics of peptide-protein interactions determined. Having regard to such determination, the peptide-mimetics are constrained in the three-dimensional structure to provide an increased immunogenicity to the epitope sequence.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a National Phase application under 35 USC 371 of PCT/CA00/00358 filed Apr. 5, 2000 which claims priority from and is a continuation of U.S. patent application No. 09/289,942 filed Apr. 13, 1999 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,482,928).

FIELD OF INVENTION

This invention relates to crystallography and immunology, and, in particular, to the elucidation, for the first time, of the three-dimensional structure of the Fab′ fragment of monoclonal antibody 2F5.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

The monoclonal antibody (Mab) 2F5 is a potent neutralizer of both laboratory strains and primary isolates of most clades of HIV-1, reacting with the largely conserved peptide sequence ELDKWAS (SEQ ID No: 1) of the virus envelope protein gp41, sometimes called the Katinger Epitope (refs. 1 to 7. Throughout this application, various references are referred to in parenthesis to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. Full bibliographic information for each citation is found at the end of the specification, immediately preceding the claims. The disclosures of these references are hereby incorporated by reference into the present disclosure). As such, Mab 2F5 is of major interest in the development of an HIV-1 vaccine. Based on studies of immunogenic presentation, the antigenicity of the epitope sequence was concluded to be contingent upon its molecular context (ref. 8).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, there is provided the three-dimensional structure of the Fab′ fragment of Mab 2F5, both uncomplexed and with bound epitope. In the complexed crystalline structure, the seven amino acid sequence (ELDKWAS) forms a slightly distorted β turn, with the central DKW core accounting for the majority of protein/peptide interactions, as discussed below.

As can be seen from the detailed analysis provided herein, the slightly-distorted β turn is stabilized by hydrogen bonds from aspartate backbone and sidechain to alanine and tryptophan amides respectively. In the three-dimensional structure, tryptophan and lysine sidechains of the epitope are stacked and parallel.

The elucidation of these three-dimensional structures enables there to be constructed, as set forth herein, peptide-mimetics constrained in the same β-turn-like configuration as seen in the crystal structure of the complex, which would be expected to increase the imrnmunogenicity of the epitope sequence.

Accordingly, in one aspect of the invention, there is provided an isolated crystal of the Fab′ fragment of monoclonal antibody 2F5. The isolation of the crystalline form of the Fab′2F5 fragment enables the three-dimensional structure of such form of the fragment to be determined and such structure is shown in FIG. 1, described below. Certain characterizing parameters have been determined for the crystal structure, as set forth in Table 2 below.

The isolated crystal may be grown in space group P2₁,2₁,2₁ with cell dimensions a=63.6 Å; b=76.4 Å; c=93.4 Å, although the crystals may be grown in another space group with its own unique cell dimensions. The crystalline form of the Fab′2F5 may have the atomic coordinates deposited on Apr. 9, 1999 with the Protein Data Bank under Accession No. 2F5A.

Fab′2F5 molecules organized in the isolated crystal provided herein possess a third hypervariable (V3) loop of the heavy chain comprising amino acid residues H98 to H120, as seen in Table 1 below, which has a three-dimensional structure as shown in FIG. 4, described below and atomic coordinates as shown in Table 3 below.

In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided an isolated crystal of the Fab′ fragment of monoclonal antibody 2F5 complexed with a peptide having the amino acid sequence ELDKWAS (SEQ ID No: 1) or a finctional analog thereof. The solution of the crystal form of the complex enables the three-dimensional structure of such form of the complex to be determined and the detail of the binding site of the peptide to the Fab′ fragment is shown in FIG. 3, described below. Certain characterizing parameters have been determined for the crystal structure of the complex, as set forth in Table 2 below.

The isolated crystal complex may be grown in space group P2₁2₁2₁ with cell dimensions a=58.0 Å; b=65.0 Å; c=175.6 Å, although the crystal complex may be grown in another space group with its own unique cell dimensions. The crystalline form of the complexed form of the Fab′2F5 may have the atomic coordinates deposited with the Protein Data Bank under Accession No. 2F5B on Apr. 9, 1999.

The functional analog of the amino acid sequence ELDKWAS (SEQ ID No: 1) may be one in which lysine is replaced by arginine and/or one in which tryptophan is replaced by tyrosine, phenylalanine or uncharged histadine. One example of such functional analog is ELDRWAS (SEQ ID No: 2).

The elucidation of the crystal structure of the Fab′2F5 fragment when bound to the peptide ELDKWAS (SEQ ID No: 1), provides details of the actual conformation of the peptide epitope when it is bound to the antibody, which will be the same, irrespective of the kind of crystal which is analyzed.

The information which is provided concerning the conformation of peptide epitope then provides the basis for the provision of peptide analogs, peptide mimetics and other antigens which are potentially useful as components of an anti-HIV vaccine.

Accordingly, in another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a synthetic peptide which binds to monoclonal antibody 2F5 and which is constrained to provide a three-dimensional structure corresponding to that for the peptide ELDKWAS (SEQ ID No: 1) shown in FIG. 3.

This synthetic peptide may contain the amino acid sequence DKW or a functional analog thereof and may be constrained in the slightly distorted β-turn configuration of the three-dimensional structures with the tryptophan and lysine residue chains stacked and parallel, as seen in FIG. 3 and as discussed in more detail below.

The analysis of the three-dimensioned conformation of the epitope indicates that at least one of the tryptophan and lysine sidechains may be substituted by an amino acid which retains the peptide-protein interaction shown in FIG. 3, which also binds to the Mab. For example, arginine (R) may be used in place of lysine (K) and tyrosine (Y), phenylalanine (F) and uncharged histadine (H) may be used in place of tryptophan (W). Peptides wherein one or more of such amino acid substitution is effected are peptides which contain a “functional analog” of the amino acid sequence DKW, as the term is understood herein, in that the peptide still binds to the monoclonal antibody 2F5.

The synthetic peptide provided herein may be constrained in the required conformation by any convenient means. For example, a disulphide bridge may be used to maintain the amino acid sequence DKW or analogs thereof in the respective orientation of two amino acid residues as shown in FIG. 3. Such disulphide bridge may be provided between cysteine residues in the synthetic peptide ECDKWCS (SEQ ID No.: 3).

Alternatively, a lactam bond may be used to maintain the amino acid sequence DKW or functional analogs thereof in the respective orientation of the amino acid residues as shown in FIG. 3. Such lactam bond may be formed between diaminopropionic acid (Dap) and glutamate (E) residues in the synthetic peptide EdapDKWES (SEQ ID No.: 4) or EEDKWDapS (SEQ ID No.: 5).

It is well known that the immunogenicity of peptides may be enhanced by conjugation to carrier molecules, such as proteins, including diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid or an outer membrane protein of Haemophilus. Such carrier protein may be linked to the peptide.

There is also provided, in an additional aspect of the invention, a method of making a peptide binding to monoclonal antibody 2F5, which comprises co-crystallizing a Fab′ fragment of the monoclonal antibody 2F5 with a peptide having the amino acid sequence ELDKWAS (SEQ ID No.: 1) or functional analog thereof to form a crystalline complex; analyzing the crystalline complex to determine the three-dimensional orientation of the bound peptide in relation to the Fab′ fragment; and synthesizing a peptide containing at least amino acids DKW or functional analogs thereof constrained in the determined three-dimensioned orientation.

The functional analog of the peptide containing at least amino acids DKW is one which still binds to the monoclonal antibody 2F5. Functional analogs also extend to known analogs of the ELDKWAS motif, including those of the formula X₁LDKWX₂S wherein X₁ is E, A, G or Q and X₂ is A or T (SEQ ID No.: 8).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The file of this patent application contains drawings executed in color, namely FIGS. 1 to 4. Copies of this patent with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Patent and Trademark Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

FIG. 1 is a colored ribbon diagram of crystalline Fab′2F5, showing the heavy chain in purple, the light chain in blue and the elongated VH3 loop (colored in gold) extending from the protein surface, as generated by MOLSCRIPT (ref. 27) and Raster 3D (ref. 28);

FIG. 2 is a colored stereoplot of the ELDKWAS peptide model in density, as generated by the program 0 (ref. 29). The Fo-Fc map was calculated with the peptide omitted and contoured at 3σ. A minor break in the density at P7-Ser at the contour level illustrates the slight increase in flexibility at the extremes of the bound epitope;

FIG. 3 is a color representation of the antigen binding site of Fab′2F5, showing protein/peptide interactions, as generated using the program SETOR (ref 30). The residues are colored by atom type: oxygen is red, nitrogen is blue, carbon is grey and sulfur is yellow. For clarity, some hydrophobic sidechains which interact with the epitope have been omitted. All bond lengths are given in Å; and

FIG. 4 is a color representation of the third hypervariable loop of the heavy chain of Fab′2F5 complex comprising amino acid residues H98 to H120, as generated using the program SETOR (ref. 30). The residues are colored by atom type.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

The crystalline structure of the Fab′ fragment of Mab 2F5 (IgG) was solved at 2.05 Åresolution by molecular replacement and adopts the standard immunoglobulin fold. A salient feature of the structure is the elongated (22 amino acids) hypervariable loop 3 of the heavy chain (V-H3, ref. 9), which comprises amino acid residues H98 to 120 and extends away from the protein surface, as can be seen from the ribbon diagram of FIG. 1. The V-H3 loop is shown in detail in FIG. 4. The atomic coordinates of the V-H3 loop are given in Table 3.

In the structure of the Fab′2F5 complex with bound epitope, refined at 2.0 Å, this loop is well-defined by clear electron density. In the uncomplexed form, while the V-H3 region is less clear, loops at the C-terminal regions of the heavy chain constant domain, including the C-termini of both chains, were better resolved. Conformations from the better-defined electron density were used as templates for building the other model. The refined models comprise residues L1 to L214 of the light chain and residues H1 to H146 and H151 to H235 of the heavy chain plus ordered water molecules. The amino acid sequences of the light chain (SEQ ID No.: 6) and heavy chain (SEQ ID No.: 7) of Fab′2F5 are shown in Table 1 below. For the structure of the complex, P1 to P7 are the residues of the peptide. The H147 to H150 loop of the constant domain of the heavy chain was not visible in either structure. (Residues are labelled herein H1 to H235 for the heavy chain and L1 to L214 for the light chain and P1 to P7 for the peptides).

Along with differences in mobility of the loops mentioned above, the elbow angle in the complexed form differs from uncomplexed Fab′2F5 (142° vs. 146°). Both of these observations may be artifacts of crystal packing, since the unit cells are different, uncomplexed Fab′2F5 having a unit cell which is 30% smaller. An overlay of all Cα atoms results in an rmsd of 0.7 Å, but these shifts appear to be the result of a concerted domain movement (i.e. the change in elbow angle) rather than any modification of the antigen binding site. Superpositioning only the variable regions gives an rmsd of 0.4 Å. While the results of the structural analysis do not provide any obvious explanation for the long insertion in the V-H3 loop has been identified, its unusually hydrophobic nature for surface residues suggests it plays a role in the antibody mechanism. It may be involved in interactions with a portion of gp41 C-terminal to the epitope sequence, enhancing binding and increasing the specificity of the Fab. It may even form an integral part of the neutralization mechanism, perhaps by disrupting the conformation of the gp41 coiled-coil trimer.

In the complexed structure, the ELDKWAS (SEQ ID No: 1) peptide forms a slightly distorted, type I β turn, centered between P4-Lys and P5-Trp, (as seen in FIGS. 2 and 3), with a 3.1 Å hydrogen bond from the amide nitrogen of P6Ala to the carbonyl oxygen of P3-Asp. The arrangement is atypical in that neither position two or three in the turn is a glycine (ref. 10), but rather the bulky residues lysine and tryptophan. The dihedral angles for P5-Trp fall in the “unfavoured” region of a Ramachandran plot (φ=−101.7°, ψ=8.7°).

Another interesting feature of the complexed structure is the stacked arrangement of the adjacent P5-Trp and P4-Lys sidechains, with hydrophobic interactions between the fully-extended alkyl chain of the P4-Lys and the aromatic rings of P5-Trp at a distance of about 3.8 Å. The lysine sidechain, whose hydrophobic methylene groups are sandwiched between P5-Trp and H54-Tyr, ends with a sharp turn at the final amino group, forming contacts with H56-Asp and H58-Asp. While the principal hydrophobic contacts of P5-Trp are the P4-Lys methylene groups, other hydrophobic residues within 4 Å of the aromatic ring system include H103-Pro and H32-Phe and the methylene groups of the sidechain of H113-Arg. A key component to the stability of the peptide configuration is the orientation of the P3-Asp sidechain, which forms strong hydrogen bonds to the backbone amide of P5-Trp as well as to L96-His-Nε and H100-Arg-NH1, all about 2.8 Å long. A water molecule associated with P5-Trp-Nε1 at 3.0 Å also forms strong hydrogen bonds to backbone carbonyls of H33-Gly and H101-Arg at 2.7 and 2.8 Å respectively. From this analysis, it can be concluded that the Asp-Lys-Trp (DKW) trio are the essential component of the protein/peptide interaction.

This conclusion is supported by mutation studies in which changes outside the DKW core do not have a dramatic effect on binding, whereas major modifications within the trio usually prevent neutralization (ref. 5). It was estimated that the LDKW (SEQ ID No.: 9) motif is 83% conserved among HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein sequence (ref. 4). For the critical portion of the epitope, DKW, conservation among 206 sequenced HIV-1 envelope proteins of all clades in the 1997 to 1998 Los Alamos HIV Sequence Database (ref. 11) is 86%. Within the B clade, conservation is 92% (91/99 sequences). Phage library screening with Mab 2F5 also selected sequences with a DRW core (ref. 4). The structure of a complex where an arginine is substituted for P4-Lys (i.e. peptide ELDRWAS (SEQ ID No: 2)) shows identical peptide conformation and contacts as the complex reported here with the consensus epitope. The total buried accessible surface area upon formation of the complex is 1025 Å (calculated as the difference in accessible surface between the intact complex and the sum of the surface areas of the peptide and uncomplexed Fab′ determined using a probe of radius 1.4 Å (ref. 12)). The peptide coordinates of the complex Fab′2f5+ELDKWAS (SEQ ID No: 1) are shown in Table 4 while those for the complex Fab′2f5+ELDRWAS (SEQ ID No: 2) are shown in Table 5.

The conformation of the gp41 epitope found in the complex with Fab′2F5 and seen in detail in FIG. 3 was not anticipated. A helical conformation had been proposed (ref. 13) which was consistent with an extension of the observed coiled coil of the gp41 ectodomain (refs. 14 to 19). Most structural analyses of HIV-1 (refs. 14 to 16) or SIV (refs. 17 to 19) gp41 do not incorporate the epitope sequence, although two reports (refs. 14, 19) include a partial sequence. In one (ref. 14), ELD at the C-terminus of the crystallized portion adopted an α-helical structure, the continuation of a long (37 aa) helix. In the other, the C-terminus is an unstructured coil (ref. 19).

A conformation of the full epitope was determined as part of a fusion protein, where it was connected to the C-terminus of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) by a nine amino acid linker (ref. 20). In this environment, the epitope formed part of a series of tight turns but not the β-turn seen in the results described herein. In the GST-fusion structure, the epitope peptide interacted with a neighboring molecule in the crystal, making it probable that crystal packing forces led to the observed conformation. The gp41 peptide portion of the structure also had high thermal parameters, denoting flexibility.

Preliminary NMR studies have suggested that the ELDKWAS (SEQ ID No: 1) sequence adopts very little or no stable secondary structure. The crystal structure of Fab′2F5 elucidated herein explains the stronger immune response observed when the epitope was introduced into loops of hemagglutinin (refs. 2, 21) or recombinant antibodies (ref. 22) where a β-turn conformation might be induced, in contrast to hepatitis B virus surface antigen (ref. 8), where epitope grafting resulted in an excellent humoral response of 2F5-like binding specificity but failed to neutralize live virus, underlining the importance of the correct epitope conformation.

The conformation of the gp41 epitope set forth herein may be adopted transiently, after assembly of the mature gp41/gp120 trimers on the virus envelope, or possibly during the fusion process. A range of conformations for gp41, including the stable fusogenic form observed in the structural determinations made herein, as well as an intermediate “unsprung” and non-fusogenic form has been proposed by several investigators (refs. 14, 23). A short life span of the antigen would be consistent with its low immunogenicity and the consequent absence of Mab 2F5 in the antisera of most infected patients. As well, passive immunization with Mab 2F5 in chimpanzees failed to neutralize HIV-1, resulting in delayed infection and lower viral loads, but not protection (ref. 6). This result was presumably due to insufficient opportunity for antibody binding, either because of low antibody concentration or the short lifetime of the antigenic conformation. As the only identified cross-neutralizing antibody against gp41, Mab 2F5 is an important focus in HIV-1 vaccine research. It is one of only three broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies identified to date and the only one with a short, continuous epitope. The other two known cross-neutralizing Mab's are b12 and 2G12 which define epitopes at the CD4 binding site and V3/V4 loops of gp120 respectively (ref. 6), but in these cases the epitopes are discontinuous and involve both peptide and carbohydrate interactions (refs. 5, 6).

Development of a peptide-mimetic constrained to adopt the conformation of the gp41 sequence found in the structure of Fab′2F5 could overcome the low immunogenicity of the epitope, making such a compound a useful component of a future HIV-1 vaccine.

EXAMPLES

The above disclosure generally describes the present invention. A more complete understanding can be obtained by reference to the following specific Examples. These Examples are described solely for purposes of illustration and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Changes in form and substitution of equivalents are contemplated as circumstances may suggest or render expedient. Although specific terms have been employed herein, such terms are intended in a descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitations.

Methods of molecular genetics, peptide-mimetics chemistry, protein biochemistry, crystallography and immunology used but not explicitly described in this disclosure and these Examples are amply reported in the scientific literature and are well within the ability of those skilled in the art.

Example 1

This Example shows the preparation, purification and crystallization of Fab′2F5 and its epitope complex.

Intact human IAM 2F5 IgG antibody was transformed into F(ab′)₂ using standard pepsin protocols. F(ab′)₂ was then stored with 1% (w/v) clinical human albumin added to the solution for stability. To separate the protein from the albumin, DE52 cellulose was swollen in 20 mM Tris pH 8.0 and packed into a column 3 cm wide, 5 cm high, providing about 30 mL bed volume. The column was washed overnight with 2 L of 20 mM Tris pH 8.0.

55 ml protein at 1.1 mg/ml concentration were dialysed against 2×4 to 5 L of 20 mM Tris pH 8.0 and the conductivity and pH of the buffer, flow through and protein concentration were checked to ensure the protein bound to the column. The protein was loaded onto the column by pumping on at 1 to 5 mL/min, with albumen binding to the column while the F(ab′)2 does not. Buffer A (20 mM Tris pH 8.0) was run through the column until the OD₂₈₀ went down to baseline and approximately 7 mL fractions were collected.

The albumin was eluted with a salt gradient of 20 mM Tris pH 8.0, 20 mM Tris pH 8.0+0.2 M NaCl, to ensure no other proteins were present. The flow-through protein was concentrated, producing 5×500 μL of F(ab′)₂ at 23 mg/ml. The sample was confirmed to be F(ab′)₂ by reducing and non-reducing native and SDS-PAGE gels as well as by a positive antigen-catch ELISA assay targetting the k-chain followed by a negative assay targetting the Fc part of a human antibody molecule.

200 μl of Fab′ at 23 mg/mL were diluted to 4 mL with 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0. 400 μL 100 mM DTT in 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0 were added to the 4 mL to provide a final concentration of 10 mM in DTT. The solution was incubated at room temperature for an hour, 30 μL of a 500 mM iodoacetamide solution in 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0 were added and the solution left for a further 30 minutes. The Fab′ was dialyzed overnight against 20 mM Tris pH 8.0 and concentrated to 10 mg/mL for use in crystallization setups.

Crystals of uncomplexed Fab′ grew from hanging drops of 5 mg/mL protein with 1.0 M ammonium sulfate at pH 5.8 as precipitant and grew as needles. Complexes were co-crystallized by adding a 3:1 ratio of peptide ELDKWAS (SEQ ID No: 1) to protein and incubating overnight before setting up as hanging drops of 5 mg/mL complex at pH 5.8, using 1.6 M ammonium sulfate at pH 7.0 as precipitant. The crystals grew in two days as large square bipyramids.

The sequence of the heavy and light variable domains has recently been published (ref. 10) and agrees with the one used in this study with a single correction at amino acid H110, which is a serine rather than a proline as originally stated. The full amino acid sequences of the variable and constant domains of the Fab′ fragment are shown in Table 1 below (SEQ ID Nos: 6 and 7).

Crystals of the free Fab′ belong to the space group P2₁2₁2₁ (unit cell: a=63.6 Å; b=76.4 Å; c=94.7 Å) and grow as needles. Crystals of the complex also adopt space group P2₁2₁2₁ (unit cell: a=59.0 Å; b=65.0 Å; c=175.6 Å) and grow as square bipyramids. Crystals were flash frozen for data collection. Data were collected on a Rigaku FR-C equipped with Molecular Structure Corp mirror optics and with a Mar345 image plate detector (Fab′2F5 ) and at the National Synchrotron Light Source in Brookhaven using a Mar30 detector (complex). Data were processed using DENZO and SCALEPACK (HKL Research).

Example 2

This Example describes the solution of the structure of the Fab′2F5 complexed and uncomplexed.

The structure of the Fab′2F5 complex was solved by molecular replacement (ref. 24) using PDB entry ICLZ (ref. 25) minus sidechains and hypervariable loops as the search model. Constant and variable regions were used as independent models. The correct solution had a correlation coefficient of 35.3 (R=47.3%) using data to 3.3 Å. The CNS package (ref. 26) was used for refinement. A 2F_(o)-F_(c) map generated after rigid body refinement of the polyalanine model allowed placement of most sidechains. After a cycle of simulated annealing, the hypervariable loops were included. Density for the peptide was clear at this point and could be fitted unambiguously. Following another cycle of annealing, positional and B-factor refinement, waters were included where peaks of >3.5 were found in a difference map at an appropriate distance from a donor or acceptor atom.

The structure of the uncomplexed Fab′2F5 was solved by molecular replacement using the refined Fab′2F5 complex minus peptide as the search model. Correlation coefficient was 53.7, R=39.0%. Refinement followed the same procedure as for the complex. Statistics of data collection, processing and structure refinement are given in Table 2 below. The coordinates of the crystal structures have been deposited on Apr. 9, 1999 in the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank under Accession Nos. 2F5A for the uncomplexed structure and 2F5B for the Fab′2F5 -epitope complex.

Example 3

This Example demonstrates the utility of the three-dimensional structural information of Katinger's epitope (Examples 1 and 2) in the rational design of constraint peptide-based vaccines.

Based on the structural information, the Katinger's epitope may be locked with a disulfide bridge between positions 2 and 6 in the peptide ECDKWCS (CLP-634) (SEQ ID No: 3).

The linear peptide ECDKWCS was synthesised manually, on PAM support, by using a standard Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis methodology, with a t-Boc strategy. The crude peptide was cleaved off the resin by high-HF procedure. The crude material (54 mg) was dissolved in methanol (500 mL). 50 mM iodine in methanol was added dropwise, with stirring, until solution became pale-yellow. After 1 min of stirring, Dowex IX2-200 (acetate) resin (approx. 9 g) was added. The stirring was continued until solution became colourless. The resin was filtered off, 50 ml of water was added, the mixture was concentrated in vacuo, frozen and lyophilised. The crude cyclic peptide was purified by RP-HPLC.

Based on the structural information, the Katinger's peptide also may be constrained with a lactam bond between positions 2 and 6 in the peptide EDapDKWES (CLP-1309) (SEQ ID No: 4).

The peptide: t-Boc-Glu(OBzl)-Dap(Fmoc)-Asp(OBzl)-Lys(2Cl-Cbz)-Trp(For)-Glu(OFm)-Ser(Bzl)-RESIN was assembled on a PAM solid support. Sidechains of Dap(2) and Glu(6) were subsequently deprotected by treatment with 25% piperidine. The sidechain cyclization was performed on the resin by adding four equivalents of HBTU and 8 equivalents of DIEA and shaking the mixture overnight. The cyclic peptide was cleaved off the resin by a standard HF procedure and the crude product was purified by RP-HPLC.

Abbreviations used in this Example are:

-   Dap=diaminopropionic acid -   HBTU=O-Benzotriazolyl-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium     Hexafluorophosphate -   DIEA=Di-isopropylethylamine -   PAM=4-Hydroxymethyl-phenylacetamidomethyl resin -   Bzl=Benzyl -   2-Cl-Cbz=2-Chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl -   For=Formyl -   t-Boc=t-Butloxycarbonyl -   Fmoc=Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl -   Fm=Fluorenylmethyl

Both peptides CLP-634 and CLP-1309 were found to be capable of forming an immuno-complex with monoclonal antibody 2F5 and were subsequently co-crystallized with the Fab′ fragment. These results indicated that the constrained peptides may mimic the Katinger's epitope and would be useful as peptide-based vaccines.

Example 4

This Example demonstrates the formation of constrained peptide-carrier conjugates, for use as anti-HIV vaccines.

In order to conjugate the constrained peptide CLP-1309 (Example 3) to a carrier protein, a tetra-peptide Cys-Gly-Gly-Gly (SEQ ID No.: 10) was linked to CLP-1309 at the N-terminal end and the resultant peptide was named as CLP-1491. Similarly, a tetra-peptide Gly-Gly-Gly-Cys (SEQ ID No.: 11) was linked to CLP-1309 at the C-terminal end, and so the resultant peptide was named as CLP-1492.

Fifty microlitre of m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide (MBS, Pierce, 2 mg; 6.3 mmol in 1 mL of tetrahydrofuran or methanol) was added to a protein solution (approximately 10 mg of Hin47 or tetanus toxoid in 2 mL of 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.5). The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at room temperature under argon. The reaction mixture was applied to a Sephadex G-25 column (20×300 mm) equilibrated with 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate buffer, pH 7.2 and eluted with the same buffer. Elution was monitored by absorbance at 230 nm, and the eluted protein peak was pooled. The number of maleimide groups incorporated into the carrier was determined by adding excess 2-mercaptoethanol to the activated carrier-MBS and back-titrating the excess using a modified Eliman's method (ref. 31).

A general protocol for peptide-carrier conjugates has been described (ref. 32). Briefly, synthetic peptide (1 mg/mL) in degassed PBS buffer, pH 7.5 mixed with carrier-MBS (1 mg/mL). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature under argon atmosphere. Excess N-ethyl-maleimide (Aldrich) was added to quench the reaction, and stirring continued for an additional hour. The insoluble precipitate was filtered off, and the filtrate was subjected to gel filtration chromatography using a Sephadex G-25 column. The peptide-carrier conjugate was collected. The molar ratio of carrier to peptide was determined by using amino acid analysis.

SUMMARY OF DISCLOSURE

In summary of this disclosure, the crystal structure of the Fab′2F5 fragment has been elucidated, both in uncomplexed form and complexed with the epitope ELDKWAS (SEQ ID No: 1), and peptides synthesized to correspond to the constrained structure of the peptide-protein interactions. Modifications are possible within the scope of this invention.

TABLE 1 ALQLTQSPSS LSASVGDRIT ITCRASQGVT SALAWYRQKP GSPPQLLIYD ASSLESGVPS RFSGSGSGTE FTLTISTLRP EDFATYYCQQ LHFYPRTFGG GTRVDVRRTV AAPSVFIFPP SDEQLKSGTA SVVCLLNNFY PREAKVQWKV DNALQSGNSQ ESVTEQDSKD STYSLSSTLT LSKADYEKHK VYACEVTHQG LSSPVTKSFN RGEC (SEQ ID No.: 6) RITLKESGPP LVKPTQTLTL TCSFSGFSLS DFGVGVGWIR QPPGKALEWL AIIYSDDDKR YSPSLNTRLT ITKDTSKNQV VLVMTRVSPV DTATYFCAHR RGPTTLFGVP IARGPVNAMD VWGQGITVTI SSASTKGPSV FPLAPSSKST SGGTAALGCL VKDYFPEPVT VSWNSGALTS GVHTFPAVLQ SSGLYSLSSV VTVPSSSLGT QTYICNVNHK PSNTKVDKKV EPKSCDKTHT CPPCPAPELL GGPSVFLFPP KPKDTLMISR TPEVTCVVVD VSHEDPEVKF NWYVDGVEVH NAKTKPREEQ YNSTYRVVSV LTVLHQDWLN GKEYKCKVSN KAFPAPIEKT ISKAKGQPRE PQVYTLPPSR DELTKNQVSL TCLVKGFYPS DIAVEWESNG QPENNYKTTP PVLDSDGSFF LYSKLTVDKS RWQQGNVFSC SVMHEALHNH YTQKSLSLSP GK (SEQ ID No.: 7)

TABLE 2 Data Collection, Processing and Structure Refinement Parameters Compound Fab′2F5 Fab′2F5-ELDKWAS Crystal system; orthorhombic; P2₁2₁2₁ orthorhombic; P2₁2₁2₁ space group Unit cell (Å) a = 63.3 a = 58.0; b = 76.3 b = 65.0, c = 94.4 c = 175.6 Resolution range (Å) 20.0-2.05 12.0-2.0 # of reflections 89376 118126 # unique reflections 28045 41062 Completeness; 92; 93 90; 92 completeness top bin (%) R_(sym); R_(sym) top bin (%) 7.0; 31.3 3.5; 16.6 -cutoff 0.0 1.0 % data in test set 5 5 # water molecules 268 357 in model R, R_(free) 0.23, 0.27 0.22, 0.25 Rmsd bonds (Å); 0.007; 1.4 0.010; 1.5 angles (°)

TABLE 3 ATOM 2399 N ALA H  98 −.049 39.377 79.646 1.00 21.77 H ATOM 2400 CA ALA H  98 1.135 39.444 80.483 1.00 21.70 H ATOM 2401 CB ALA H  98 2.361 39.794 79.633 1.00 21.47 H ATOM 2402 C ALA H  98 .979 40.460 81.598 1.00 21.53 H ATOM 2403 O ALA H  98 .223 41.419 81.490 1.00 21.06 H ATOM 2404 N HIS H  99 1.731 40.229 82.660 1.00 21.37 H ATOM 2405 CA HIS H  99 1.719 41.072 83.841 1.00 21.17 H ATOM 2406 CB HIS H  99 1.956 40.169 85.059 1.00 21.35 H ATOM 2407 CG HIS H  99 2.229 40.897 86.336 1.00 21.04 H ATOM 2408 CD2 HIS H  99 1.395 41.316 87.319 1.00 20.90 H ATOM 2409 ND1 HIS H  99 3.504 41.224 86.746 1.00 21.12 H ATOM 2410 CE1 HIS H  99 3.446 41.808 87.931 1.00 20.64 H ATOM 2411 NE2 HIS H  99 2.179 41.876 88.301 1.00 20.95 H ATOM 2412 C HIS H  99 2.748 42.194 83.773 1.00 21.64 H ATOM 2413 O HIS H  99 3.831 42.026 83.207 1.00 21.32 H ATOM 2414 N ARG H 100 2.379 43.355 84.306 1.00 21.79 H ATOM 2415 CA ARG H 100 3.292 44.483 84.354 1.00 22.26 H ATOM 2416 CB ARG H 100 2.824 45.673 83.507 1.00 22.31 H ATOM 2417 CG ARG H 100 3.884 46.772 83.478 1.00 22.62 H ATOM 2418 CD ARG H 100 3.486 48.026 82.712 1.00 22.45 H ATOM 2419 NE ARG H 100 4.626 48.941 82.623 1.00 22.59 H ATOM 2420 CZ ARG H 100 4.569 50.179 82.133 1.00 22.62 H ATOM 2421 NH1 ARG H 100 3.425 50.676 81.684 1.00 22.75 H ATOM 2422 NH2 ARG H 100 5.674 50.910 82.055 1.00 23.15 H ATOM 2423 C ARG H 100 3.363 44.906 85.805 1.00 22.74 H ATOM 2424 O ARG H 100 2.337 45.128 86.460 1.00 22.03 H ATOM 2425 N ARG H 101 4.579 45.001 86.304 1.00 23.46 H ATOM 2426 CA ARG H 101 4.809 45.388 87.678 1.00 24.42 H ATOM 2427 CB ARG H 101 6.287 45.169 88.017 1.00 25.61 H ATOM 2428 CG ARG H 101 6.557 44.099 89.047 1.00 27.15 H ATOM 2429 CD ARG H 101 7.573 43.067 88.572 1.00 28.68 H ATOM 2430 NE ARG H 101 8.851 43.615 88.118 1.00 29.23 H ATOM 2431 CZ ARG H 101 9.867 42.858 87.697 1.00 29.78 H ATOM 2432 NH1 ARG H 101 9.747 41.535 87.681 1.00 30.18 H ATOM 2433 NH2 ARG H 101 11.001 43.410 87.276 1.00 29.91 H ATOM 2434 C ARG H 101 4.448 46.846 87.902 1.00 24.54 H ATOM 2435 O ARG H 101 4.544 47.668 86.996 1.00 23.94 H ATOM 2436 N GLY H 102 4.014 47.156 89.118 1.00 25.02 H ATOM 2437 CA GLY H 102 3.709 48.529 89.453 1.00 26.02 H ATOM 2438 C GLY H 102 4.957 49.055 90.136 1.00 27.10 H ATOM 2439 O GLY H 102 5.889 48.280 90.375 1.00 26.58 H ATOM 2440 N PRO H 103 5.031 50.357 90.449 1.00 27.97 H ATOM 2441 CD PRO H 103 4.057 51.435 90.215 1.00 28.46 H ATOM 2442 CA PRO H 103 6.218 50.901 91.111 1.00 29.02 H ATOM 2443 CB PRO H 103 5.863 52.379 91.269 1.00 28.75 H ATOM 2444 CG PRO H 103 4.982 52.630 90.056 1.00 28.56 H ATOM 2445 C PRO H 103 6.458 50.226 92.457 1.00 30.21 H ATOM 2446 O PRO H 103 5.515 49.927 93.185 1.00 30.26 H ATOM 2447 N THR H 104 7.723 49.967 92.772 1.00 31.28 H ATOM 2448 CA THR H 104 8.073 49.360 94.048 1.00 32.89 H ATOM 2449 CB THR H 104 9.586 49.042 94.115 1.00 32.77 H ATOM 2450 OG1 THR H 104 9.898 48.014 93.167 1.00 33.00 H ATOM 2451 CG2 THR H 104 9.987 48.579 95.514 1.00 32.60 H ATOM 2452 C THR H 104 7.720 50.366 95.141 1.00 33.71 H ATOM 2453 O THR H 104 7.978 51.559 94.994 1.00 33.67 H ATOM 2454 N THR H 105 7.123 49.889 96.225 1.00 35.02 H ATOM 2455 CA THR H 105 6.745 50.769 97.321 1.00 36.43 H ATOM 2456 CB THR H 105 5.217 50.723 97.589 1.00 36.53 H ATOM 2457 OG1 THR H 105 4.837 49.399 97.990 1.00 36.95 H ATOM 2458 CG2 THR H 105 4.437 51.116 96.334 1.00 36.64 H ATOM 2459 C THR H 105 7.470 50.384 98.609 1.00 37.35 H ATOM 2460 O THR H 105 7.892 49.242 98.773 1.00 37.48 H ATOM 2461 N LEU H 106 7.625 51.354 99.506 1.00 38.42 H ATOM 2462 CA LEU H 106 8.264 51.132 100.804 1.00 39.62 H ATOM 2463 CB LEU H 106 9.633 51.813 100.877 1.00 39.53 H ATOM 2464 CG LEU H 106 10.385 51.596 102.199 1.00 39.63 H ATOM 2465 CD1 LEU H 106 10.643 50.107 102.396 1.00 39.65 H ATOM 2466 CD2 LEU H 106 11.694 52.362 102.193 1.00 39.35 H ATOM 2467 C LEU H 106 7.319 51.756 101.825 1.00 40.38 H ATOM 2468 O LEU H 106 7.113 52.973 101.828 1.00 40.43 H ATOM 2469 N PHE H 107 6.753 50.916 102.687 1.00 41.38 H ATOM 2470 CA PHE H 107 5.784 51.366 103.679 1.00 42.27 H ATOM 2471 CB PHE H 107 6.443 52.208 104.774 1.00 43.05 H ATOM 2472 CG PHE H 107 7.522 51.488 105.525 1.00 43.75 H ATOM 2473 CD1 PHE H 107 8.855 51.624 105.255 1.00 44.10 H ATOM 2474 CD2 PHE H 107 7.202 50.645 106.585 1.00 44.17 H ATOM 2475 CE1 PHE H 107 9.857 50.935 105.829 1.00 44.32 H ATOM 2476 CE2 PHE H 107 8.195 49.948 107.265 1.00 44.42 H ATOM 2477 CZ PHE H 107 9.527 50.094 106.887 1.00 44.38 H ATOM 2478 C PHE H 107 4.736 52.194 102.946 1.00 42.37 H ATOM 2479 O PHE H 107 4.355 53.276 103.390 1.00 42.68 H ATOM 2480 N GLY H 108 4.298 51.681 101.799 1.00 42.27 H ATOM 2481 CA GLY H 108 3.290 52.368 101.015 1.00 42.09 H ATOM 2482 C GLY H 108 3.777 53.434 100.051 1.00 41.71 H ATOM 2483 O GLY H 108 3.065 53.782 99.112 1.00 42.19 H ATOM 2484 N VAL H 109 4.979 53.957 100.260 1.00 40.92 H ATOM 2485 CA VAL H 109 5.491 54.996 99.373 1.00 40.10 H ATOM 2486 CB VAL H 109 6.406 55.988 100.138 1.00 40.30 H ATOM 2487 CG1 VAL H 109 6.868 57.097 99.209 1.00 40.21 H ATOM 2488 CG2 VAL H 109 5.667 56.568 101.330 1.00 40.54 H ATOM 2489 C VAL H 109 6.275 54.441 98.184 1.00 39.35 H ATOM 2490 O VAL H 109 7.226 53.678 98.353 1.00 39.16 H ATOM 2491 N PRO H 110 5.867 54.805 96.956 1.00 38.61 H ATOM 2492 CD PRO H 110 4.728 55.654 96.569 1.00 38.51 H ATOM 2493 CA PRO H 110 6.567 54.329 95.757 1.00 37.67 H ATOM 2494 CB PRO H 110 5.728 54.922 94.629 1.00 37.96 H ATOM 2495 CG PRO H 110 5.221 56.214 95.258 1.00 38.42 H ATOM 2496 C PRO H 110 7.988 54.887 95.782 1.00 36.69 H ATOM 2497 O PRO H 110 8.179 56.099 95.921 1.00 36.53 H ATOM 2498 N ILE H 111 8.977 54.006 95.654 1.00 35.32 H ATOM 2499 CA ILE H 111 10.377 54.419 95.692 1.00 34.04 H ATOM 2500 CB ILE H 111 11.087 53.834 96.927 1.00 34.06 H ATOM 2501 CG2 ILE H 111 10.441 54.361 98.204 1.00 34.21 H ATOM 2502 CG1 ILE H 111 11.017 52.305 96.876 1.00 34.03 H ATOM 2503 CD1 ILE H 111 11.776 51.607 97.990 1.00 33.88 H ATOM 2504 C ILE H 111 11.180 54.009 94.463 1.00 33.02 H ATOM 2505 O ILE H 111 12.367 54.322 94.365 1.00 32.88 H ATOM 2506 N ALA H 112 10.551 53.296 93.536 1.00 31.78 H ATOM 2507 CA ALA H 112 11.255 52.862 92.338 1.00 30.94 H ATOM 2508 CB ALA H 112 12.149 51.670 92.667 1.00 30.98 H ATOM 2509 C ALA H 112 10.300 52.496 91.213 1.00 30.17 H ATOM 2510 O ALA H 112 9.394 51.681 91.398 1.00 30.19 H ATOM 2511 N ARG H 113 10.506 53.091 90.046 1.00 29.21 H ATOM 2512 CA ARG H 113 9.651 52.797 88.905 1.00 28.40 H ATOM 2513 CB ARG H 113 9.199 54.100 88.239 1.00 28.78 H ATOM 2514 CG ARG H 113 10.337 55.009 87.853 1.00 28.97 H ATOM 2515 CD ARG H 113 9.850 56.258 87.132 1.00 29.05 H ATOM 2516 NE ARG H 113 10.971 57.131 86.821 1.00 29.19 H ATOM 2517 CZ ARG H 113 10.940 58.104 85.916 1.00 29.34 H ATOM 2518 NH1 ARG H 113 9.831 58.339 85.217 1.00 28.91 H ATOM 2519 NH2 ARG H 113 12.029 58.835 85.702 1.00 29.08 H ATOM 2520 C ARG H 113 10.353 51.901 87.892 1.00 27.85 H ATOM 2521 O ARG H 113 9.746 51.462 86.920 1.00 27.45 H ATOM 2522 N GLY H 114 11.632 51.620 88.122 1.00 27.08 H ATOM 2523 CA GLY H 114 12.367 50.768 87.203 1.00 26.56 H ATOM 2524 C GLY H 114 11.655 49.456 86.897 1.00 26.06 H ATOM 2525 O GLY H 114 11.588 49.036 85.738 1.00 25.97 H ATOM 2526 N PRO H 115 11.132 48.763 87.918 1.00 25.66 H ATOM 2527 CD PRO H 115 11.212 49.041 89.362 1.00 25.99 H ATOM 2528 CA PRO H 115 10.432 47.497 87.700 1.00 25.02 H ATOM 2529 CB PRO H 115 10.028 47.087 89.119 1.00 25.85 H ATOM 2530 CG PRO H 115 9.921 48.435 89.838 1.00 26.45 H ATOM 2531 C PRO H 115 9.239 47.534 86.734 1.00 24.10 H ATOM 2532 O PRO H 115 8.808 46.495 86.252 1.00 23.75 H ATOM 2533 N VAL H 116 8.700 48.710 86.446 1.00 22.92 H ATOM 2534 CA VAL H 116 7.565 48.764 85.531 1.00 22.26 H ATOM 2535 CB VAL H 116 6.730 50.062 85.719 1.00 21.84 H ATOM 2536 CG1 VAL H 116 6.401 50.266 87.199 1.00 21.48 H ATOM 2537 CG2 VAL H 116 7.472 51.255 85.150 1.00 20.99 H ATOM 2538 C VAL H 116 8.022 48.696 84.066 1.00 22.08 H ATOM 2539 O VAL H 116 7.198 48.513 83.166 1.00 22.38 H ATOM 2540 N AEN H 117 9.327 48.824 83.826 1.00 21.63 H ATOM 2541 CA ASN H 117 9.826 48.813 82.455 1.00 21.64 H ATOM 2542 CB ASN H 117 11.071 49.697 82.338 1.00 21.90 H ATOM 2543 CG ASN H 117 10.748 51.173 82.526 1.00 22.54 H ATOM 2544 OD1 ASN H 117 9.686 51.630 82.116 1.00 22.65 H ATOM 2545 ND2 ASN H 117 11.673 51.922 83.115 1.00 22.26 H ATOM 2546 C ASN H 117 10.070 47.451 81.814 1.00 21.39 H ATOM 2547 O ASN H 117 11.186 47.122 81.396 1.00 21.27 H ATOM 2548 N ALA H 118 8.984 46.691 81.716 1.00 21.30 H ATOM 2549 CA ALA H 118 8.964 45.364 81.123 1.00 21.19 H ATOM 2550 CB ALA H 118 10.093 44.511 81.695 1.00 21.58 H ATOM 2551 C ALA H 118 7.632 44.713 81.466 1.00 21.25 H ATOM 2552 O ALA H 118 6.898 45.197 82.333 1.00 21.59 H ATOM 2553 N MET H 119 7.329 43.630 80.759 1.00 21.14 H ATOM 2554 CA MET H 119 6.153 42.814 81.012 1.00 21.00 H ATOM 2555 CB MET H 119 5.413 42.486 79.712 1.00 21.35 H ATOM 2556 CG MET H 119 4.782 43.691 79.004 1.00 21.59 H ATOM 2557 SD MET H 119 3.738 44.767 80.053 1.00 22.00 H ATOM 2558 CE MET H 119 4.880 45.836 80.681 1.00 24.35 H ATOM 2559 C MET H 119 6.907 41.594 81.542 1.00 21.33 H ATOM 2560 O MET H 119 7.499 40.829 80.773 1.00 21.24 H ATOM 2561 N ASP H 120 6.894 41.430 82.858 1.00 21.43 H ATOM 2562 CA ASP H 120 7.679 40.381 83.500 1.00 21.62 H ATOM 2563 CB ASP H 120 8.014 40.819 84.932 1.00 21.73 H ATOM 2564 CG ASP H 120 6.806 40.826 85.840 1.00 22.35 H ATOM 2565 OD1 ASP H 120 5.661 40.878 85.330 1.00 21.92 H ATOM 2566 OD2 ASP H 120 7.011 40.807 87.075 1.00 21.94 H ATOM 2567 C ASP H 120 7.209 38.931 83.499 1.00 21.67 H ATOM 2568 O ASP H 120 8.020 38.027 83.688 1.00 21.12 H

TABLE 4 ELDKWAS: ATOM 3373 CB GLU P 1 .169 60.111 75.304 1.00 29.50 P ATOM 3374 CG GLU P 1 −.450 58.935 76.069 1.00 30.79 P ATOM 3375 CD GLU P 1 −1.151 57.917 75.185 1.00 31.68 P ATOM 3376 OE1 GLU P 1 −.571 57.477 74.172 1.00 32.86 P ATOM 3377 OE2 GLU P 1 2.288 57.530 75.519 1.00 31.76 P ATOM 3378 C GLU P 1 2.442 59.065 75.475 1.00 27.76 P ATOM 3379 O GLU P 1 2.777 57.902 75.230 1.00 27.40 P ATOM 3380 N GLU P 1 1.201 58.964 73.347 1.00 28.40 P ATOM 3381 CA GLU P 1 1.473 59.802 74.549 1.00 28.51 P ATOM 3382 N LEU P 2 2.882 59.739 76.537 1.00 27.14 P ATOM 3383 CA LEU P 2 3.825 59.156 77.497 1.00 26.40 P ATOM 3384 CB LEU P 2 4.343 60.235 78.462 1.00 26.88 P ATOM 3385 CG LEU P 2 5.264 61.329 77.913 1.00 27.33 P ATOM 3386 CD1 LEU P 2 5.473 62.406 78.981 1.00 27.63 P ATOM 3387 CD2 LEU P 2 6.590 60.720 77.491 1.00 27.68 P ATOM 3388 C LEU P 2 3.239 58.008 78.317 1.00 25.81 P ATOM 3389 O LEU P 2 2.049 58.000 78.625 1.00 25.51 P ATOM 3390 N ASP P 3 4.089 57.047 78.676 1.00 24.98 P ATOM 3391 CA ASP P 3 3.676 55.898 79.480 1.00 24.32 P ATOM 3392 CB ASP P 3 4.873 54.973 79.733 1.00 23.70 P ATOM 3393 CG ASP P 3 4.531 53.803 80.642 1.00 23.27 P ATOM 3394 OD1 ASP P 3 3.595 53.040 80.302 1.00 22.76 P ATOM 3395 OD2 ASP P 3 5.191 53.643 81.693 1.00 21.86 P ATOM 3396 C ASP P 3 3.109 56.356 80.824 1.00 24.44 P ATOM 3397 O ASP P 3 3.351 57.484 81.263 1.00 24.24 P ATOM 3398 N LYS P 4 2.380 55.466 81.489 1.00 24.58 P ATOM 3399 CA LYS P 4 1.784 55.778 82.784 1.00 25.00 P ATOM 3400 CB LYS P 4 1.079 54.543 83.350 1.00 24.68 P ATOM 3401 CG LYS P 4 .247 54.779 84.613 1.00 24.80 P ATOM 3402 CD LYS P 4 −.464 53.485 85.037 1.00 24.50 P ATOM 3403 CE LYS P 4 −1.508 53.723 86.133 1.00 24.83 P ATOM 3404 NZ LYS P 4 −2.572 54.671 85.678 1.00 24.26 P ATOM 3405 C LYS P 4 2.816 56.253 83.806 1.00 25.53 P ATOM 3406 O LYS P 4 2.528 57.124 84.622 1.00 25.08 P ATOM 3407 N TRP P 5 4.020 55.693 83.753 1.00 25.97 P ATOM 3408 CA TRP P 5 5.030 56.046 84.743 1.00 27.09 P ATOM 3409 CB TRP P 5 5.639 54.756 85.307 1.00 26.62 P ATOM 3410 CG TRP P 5 4.580 53.754 85.684 1.00 26.36 P ATOM 3411 CD2 TRP P 5 3.646 53.863 86.766 1.00 26.15 P ATOM 3412 CE2 TRP P 5 2.774 52.752 86.682 1.00 25.96 P ATOM 3413 CE3 TRP P 5 3.461 54.795 87.798 1.00 26.24 P ATOM 3414 CD1 TRP P 5 4.247 52.607 85.006 1.00 26.28 P ATOM 3415 NE1 TRP P 5 3.164 52.003 85.602 1.00 25.88 P ATOM 3416 CZ2 TRP P 5 1.728 52.545 87.595 1.00 25.85 P ATOM 3417 CZ3 TRP P 5 2.415 54.593 88.706 1.00 26.20 P ATOM 3418 CH2 TRP P 5 1.564 53.477 88.597 1.00 25.91 P ATOM 3419 C TRP P 5 6.137 56.995 84.280 1.00 27.96 P ATOM 3420 O TRP P 5 7.123 57.182 84.985 1.00 27.77 P ATOM 3421 N ALA P 6 5.967 57.598 83.107 1.00 29.24 P ATOM 3422 CA ALA P 6 6.957 58.534 82.571 1.00 30.79 P ATOM 3423 CB ALA P 6 6.738 58.733 81.077 1.00 30.55 P ATOM 3424 C ALA P 6 6.919 59.890 83.277 1.00 32.11 P ATOM 3425 O ALA P 6 5.904 60.273 83.848 1.00 32.54 P ATOM 3426 N SER P 7 8.040 60.601 83.213 1.00 33.55 P ATOM 3427 CA SER P 7 8.206 61.923 83.812 1.00 35.02 P ATOM 3428 CB SER P 7 7.007 62.821 83.481 1.00 35.56 P ATOM 3429 OG SER P 7 6.922 63.058 82.085 1.00 36.31 P ATOM 3430 C SER P 7 8.388 61.868 85.317 1.00 35.70 P ATOM 3431 O SER P 7 9.555 61.945 85.772 1.00 35.92 P ATOM 3432 OT SER P 7 7.357 61.724 86.013 1.00 36.58 P

TABLE 5 ELDRWAS: ATOM 3265 CB GLU P 1 .001 59.852 75.796 1.00 71.00 P ATOM 3266 CG GLU P 1 −.479 58.562 76.462 1.00 71.58 P ATOM 3267 CD GLU P 1 −1.144 57.609 75.494 1.00 71.95 P ATOM 3268 OE1 GLU P 1 −.554 57.311 74.431 1.00 72.48 P ATOM 3269 OE2 GLU P 1 −2.260 57.134 75.803 1.00 71.87 P ATOM 3270 C GLU P 1 2.326 58.990 75.760 1.00 36.82 P ATOM 3271 O GLU P 1 2.717 57.867 75.436 1.00 36.76 P ATOM 3272 N GLU P 1 .985 59.009 73.662 1.00 37.23 P ATOM 3273 CA GLU P 1 1.270 59.720 74.941 1.00 37.14 P ATOM 3274 N LEU P 2 2.775 59.627 76.833 1.00 33.88 P ATOM 3275 CA LEU P 2 3.783 59.034 77.702 1.00 33.45 P ATOM 3276 CB LEU P 2 4.389 60.114 78.611 1.00 61.37 P ATOM 3277 CG LEU P 2 5.316 61.181 78.000 1.00 61.47 P ATOM 3278 CD1 LEU P 2 5.506 62.346 78.978 1.00 61.51 P ATOM 3279 CD2 LEU P 2 6.659 60.540 77.642 1.00 61.59 P ATOM 3280 C LEU P 2 3.249 57.876 78.568 1.00 33.17 P ATOM 3281 O LEU P 2 2.140 57.937 79.109 1.00 32.99 P ATOM 3282 N ASP P 3 4.054 56.821 78.684 1.00 36.78 P ATOM 3283 CA ASP P 3 3.700 55.666 79.496 1.00 36.51 P ATOM 3284 CE ASP P 3 4.892 54.727 79.664 1.00 27.42 P ATOM 3285 CG ASP P 3 4.583 53.569 80.597 1.00 27.10 P ATOM 3286 OD1 ASP P 3 3.676 52.778 80.258 1.00 26.93 P ATOM 3287 OD2 ASP P 3 5.235 53.460 81.668 1.00 26.53 P ATOM 3288 C ASP P 3 3.285 56.155 80.868 1.00 36.57 P ATOM 3289 O ASP P 3 3.595 57.280 81.245 1.00 36.49 P ATOM 3290 N ARG P 4 2.628 55.288 81.629 1.00 47.13 P ATOM 3291 CA ARG P 4 2.150 55.639 82.957 1.00 47.37 P ATOM 3292 CB ARG P 4 1.309 54.495 83.516 1.00 57.30 P ATOM 3293 CG ARG P 4 .545 54.865 84.764 1.00 57.28 P ATOM 3294 CD ARG P 4 −.201 53.678 85.351 1.00 57.26 P ATOM 3295 NE ARG P 4 −1.066 54.115 86.436 1.00 50.30 P ATOM 3296 CZ ARG P 4 −1.736 53.309 87.256 1.00 50.30 P ATOM 3297 NH1 ARG P 4 −1.646 51.994 87.118 1.00 50.30 P ATOM 3298 NH2 ARG P 4 −2.495 53.822 88.227 1.00 50.30 P ATOM 3299 C ARG P 4 3.238 56.014 83.971 1.00 47.65 P ATOM 3300 O ARG P 4 3.016 56.861 84.840 1.00 47.39 P ATOM 3301 N TRP P 5 4.412 55.402 83.873 1.00 41.46 P ATOM 3302 CA TRP P 5 5.460 55.724 84.829 1.00 41.97 P ATOM 3303 CB TRP P 5 6.039 54.431 85.387 1.00 45.39 P ATOM 3304 CG TRP P 5 4.981 53.415 85.744 1.00 45.32 P ATOM 3305 CD2 TRP P 5 4.092 53.454 86.870 1.00 45.24 P ATOM 3306 CE2 TRP P 5 3.257 52.319 86.781 1.00 45.24 P ATOM 3307 CE3 TRP P 5 3.920 54.340 87.948 1.00 45.31 P ATOM 3308 CD1 TRP P 5 4.655 52.292 85.041 1.00 45.27 P ATOM 3309 NE1 TRP P 5 3.623 51.627 85.657 1.00 45.13 P ATOM 3310 CZ2 TRP P 5 2.266 52.044 87.724 1.00 45.22 P ATOM 3311 CZ3 TRP P 5 2.931 54.064 88.891 1.00 45.30 P ATOM 3312 CH2 TRP P 5 2.117 52.924 88.769 1.00 45.34 P ATOM 3313 C TRP P 5 6.582 56.618 84.264 1.00 42.36 P ATOM 3314 O TRP P 5 7.669 56.695 84.834 1.00 42.32 P ATOM 3315 N ALA P 6 6.296 57.305 83.157 1.00 47.84 P ATOM 3316 CA ALA P 6 7.267 58.192 82.512 1.00 48.51 P ATOM 3317 CB ALA P 6 6.977 58.286 81.026 1.00 39.87 P ATOM 3318 C ALA P 6 7.290 59.597 83.117 1.00 49.00 P ATOM 3319 O ALA P 6 6.372 60.000 83.838 1.00 49.16 P ATOM 3320 N SER P 7 8.349 60.336 82.795 1.00 52.63 P ATOM 3321 CA SER P 7 8.551 61.700 83.282 1.00 53.25 P ATOM 3322 CB SER P 7 7.283 62.531 83.064 1.00 91.37 P ATOM 3323 OG SER P 7 7.464 63.854 83.541 1.00 91.74 P ATOM 3324 C SER P 7 8.937 61.727 84.765 1.00 53.52 P ATOM 3325 O SER P 7 10.153 61.808 85.062 1.00 53.79 P ATOM 3326 OT SER P 7 8.026 61.637 85.617 1.00 92.11 P

REFERENCES

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1. An isolated synthetic peptide wherein said peptide has the amino acid sequence ECDKWCS (SEQ ID No.: 3) and has a disulphide bridge between the cysteine residues at positions 2 and 6 of SEQ ID No.:3.
 2. The synthetic peptide of claim 1 which is linked to a carrier protein.
 3. An isolated synthetic peptide wherein said peptide has the formula EdapDKWES (SEQ ID No.:4) and has a lactam bond between the diaminopropionic acid (dap) and glutamate at position 6 of SEQ ID No.:4.
 4. The synthetic peptide of claim 3 which is linked to a carrier protein. 